The application of two‐dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to medical microbiology: Molecular epidemiology of viruses and bacteria

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Abstract
A variety of molecular methods can be used to identify protein and nucleic acid markers with which to investigate the epidemiology of viruses and bacteria. This paper reviews the application of two‐dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2‐D PAGE) for studying microbial molecular epidemiology. A small format 2‐D PAGE system is described for locating protein markers in group B coxsackie viruses (CVB) and Haemophilus infuenzae isolates. Representative isolates of CVB serotypes 2, 4, and 5 were compared by analysing the intracellular proteins present in CVB‐infected HEp‐2 cells by 2‐D PAGE protein gels. Although some of the virus‐induced proteins had similar electrophoretic mobilities, the three serotypes could be distinguished from each other on the basis of a major virus induced protein of molecular weight between 39 000 and 43 000. Protein differences were demonstrated among six serotype 2 CVB (CVB‐2) isolates. Four clinical CVB‐2 isolates collected over a period of four months had indistinguishable two‐dimensional protein profiles. Comparison of the two‐dimensional protein profiles of cloned virus stocks prepared from a single clinical CVB isolate demonstrated that it was a heterogeneous virus population. The proteins of nontypable and type‐b H. influenzae isolates were compared. Up to 160 proteins, detected by staining with Coomassie Brilliant Blue R, were resolved by 2‐D PAGE. Although protein differences between individual bacterial isolates were detected, comparable two‐dimensional protein profiles were found for the two groups of H. influenzae isolates. There was no similarity in the two‐dimensional protein profiles of H. influenzae and Aeromonas. Potential protein markers were identified that may be useful in long‐term studies of H. influenzae epidemiology.

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