Ghost, Vacancy, Dip, or System Peaks? A Contribution in Investigations about “Injection” and “System” Peaks in Liquid Chromatography

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Abstract
Chromatograms obtained by IIR (ion interaction reagent) HPLC technique are generally characterized by the presence of up to two peaks apparently spurious, which are additional with respect to the number of the components of the injected sample. Different explanations were presented by various authors about their formation. In this paper an interpretation is proposed and supported by experimental results, obtained by employing different ion interaction reagents in different chromatographic conditions. The formation of the system peaks, namely injection peak and system peak, is explained through the taking place of the same equilibria which determine the retention mechanism of the analyte through this technique.