The retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator, RPGR, interacts with the delta subunit of rod cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase

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Abstract
Recently, the retinitis pigmentosa 3 (RP3) gene has been cloned and named retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator (RPGR). The amino-terminal half of RPGR is homologous to regulator of chromosome condensation (RCC1), the nucleotide exchange factor for the small GTP-binding protein Ran. In a yeast two-hybrid screen we identified the delta subunit of rod cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase (PDEδ) as interacting with the RCC1-like domain (RLD) of RPGR (RPGR392). The interaction of RPGR with PDEδ was confirmed by pull-down assays and plasmon surface resonance. The binding affinity was determined to be 90 nM. Six missense mutations at evolutionary conserved residues within the RLD, which were found in RP3 patients, were analyzed by using the two-hybrid system. All missense mutations showed reduced interaction with PDEδ. A non-RP3-associated missense substitution outside the RLD, V36F, did not abolish the interaction with PDEδ. PDEδ is widely expressed and highly conserved across evolution and is proposed to regulate the membrane insertion or solubilization of prenylated proteins, including the catalytic subunits of the PDE holoenzyme involved in phototransduction and small GTP-binding proteins of the Rab family. These results suggest that RPGR mutations give rise to retinal degeneration by dysregulation of intracellular processes that determine protein localization and protein transport.