Abstract
User models can be embedded into a wide range of computer applications to enhance the quality of the user interface. The development of embedded user models (EUMs) draws on research in cognitive science and systems engineering and should be of interest to designers of user interfaces and researchers in human-computer interaction. This paper consolidates ideas about EUMs formed in the course of four projects funded under the British Government's Alvey Programme on advanced information technology. It discusses the relationship between user models, knowledge representation, human inference and instructional strategies, and presents views about the current state of the art in precompetitive research systems, its limitations and possible future directions for work.

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