Early onset autosomal dominant dementia with ataxia, extrapyramidal features, and epilepsy

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Abstract
Objective: To perform a clinical and molecular study of a large autosomal dominant family with a complex neurologic syndrome that comprises early-onset dementia, extrapyramidal and cerebellar features, and epilepsy. Background: Early-onset forms of dementia often are caused by genetic factors. Mutations of three different genes—amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PS-1), presenilin 2 (PS-2)—have been found in early-onset autosomal dominant forms of AD, of the human microtubule associated-protein tau gene (MAPT) in frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17), of the BRI gene in familial British dementia, of the PI12 gene in familial encephalopathy with neuroserpin inclusion bodies. Linkage to chromosome 3 has been found in familial nonspecific dementia (FND) and linkage to chromosome 20 has been found in Huntington disease (HD)-like neurodegenerative disease. Dementia may be a feature of other neurodegenerative diseases such as HD, dentatorubro-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA), diseases caused by mutations of the prion protein gene (PRNP), spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA), and familial parkinsonism. Methods: A southern Italian family with autosomal dominant dementia-plus was observed. The family includes 57 individuals in 5 generations (14 affected, 7 personally observed). The authors performed linkage analysis to APP, PS-1, PS-2, FTDP-17, BRI, PI12, FND, HD-like, SCA4, SCA5, SCA10, SCA11, SCA13, PARK1, PARK2, PARK3 loci; direct mutation analysis of HD, DRPLA, SCA1, SCA2, SCA3, SCA6, SCA7, SCA8, SCA12, and PRNP genes; and sequencing of the PRNP open reading frame. Results: Linkage to the examined loci was excluded. All of the direct mutation analyses were negative excluding mutations in the examined genes. Conclusions: This family has a peculiar phenotype and molecular analyses excluded genes known to cause hereditary dementias.