Cancer Risk and Estrogen Use in the Menopause

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Abstract
A possible causal or contributory association of estrogenic hormones with carcinoma of the endometrium and breast in the human being has been suspected for many years.1 These suspicions have been founded upon the demonstration of estrogen-induced cancer in laboratory animals2 , 3 and upon sporadic examples of human breast and endometrial cancer that seem related to the effects of endogenous or exogenous estrogens.1 2 3 4 Clinical impressions of the risk of estrogen causation in cancer have never been validated by convincing epidemiologic data and have until the present remained purely speculative. The possibility of hormonally induced human cancer has been further clouded by the . . .