The effects of peripheral impedance and inotropic state on the power output of the left ventricle in dogs.

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Abstract
The power output of the left ventricle as measured by the product of the Fourier components of aortic pressure and aortic flow is linked by definition to the arterial impedance facing the heart as measured by the quotient of these components. Consequently, the use of power measurements to assess ventricular performance can be ambiguous when accompanied by afterload changes. The heart is considered to function normally between two extremes, a constant flow pump, and a constant constant pressure pump, and two power limits are defined from these. The power limits describe the extent to which impedance changes can affect the power delivered by the left ventricle. Measured power changes that are found to lie outside the two limits can be unambiguously ascribed to changes in inotropic state. The results from preliminary dog experiments designed to test this method are reported. Cardiac sympathetic stimulation and isoprenaline infusion were used to provide a pure inotropic stimulus and a mixture of inotropic and afterload changes, respectively. The technique was able to detect inotropic changes in the heart even in the presence of simultaneous changes in afterload. Eight conventional indices of cardiac performance were monitored for comparison. The extent of their afterload dependence may not be as easily quantified.