Monitoring bio-available marine contaminants with mussels (Mytilus edulis L) in the Netherlands

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Abstract
After discussing the usefulness of mussels (e.g. Mytilus edulis) for investigating contamination in the marine environment, four cases are presented: A survey of Cu bioavailability in and around the Eastern Scheldt during one winter (1974–1975); A surveillance with a six years interval (1974; 1980) of the bioavailability of Zn along the Dutch North Sea coast. A monitoring programme over the period 1972–1980 showing the decrease in bioavailable Hg in the water column of the Ems-Dollard estuary after decreased emissions at Delfzijl. Retrospective monitoring of two PCB's, as a background for the effectiveness of legal restrictions to PCB use. These four cases are considered a first step in understanding the effects of pollutants in marine ecosystems. In depth physiological, histological and biochemical studies could lay the basis for improved routine biological effect monitoring.