Simulated Cattle Injury to Planted Slash Pine: Combinations of Defoliation, Browsing, and Trampling

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Abstract
Cattle injure young pines by defoliating, browsing and trampling them. Such injuries were simulated once on slash pine at 6, 18 and 30 mo. after planting by hand clipping to remove needles, clipping off the shoots, and bending the stem at a right angle to the vertical. Survival was most poor when treatments were applied to seedlings within 6 mo. after planting; mortality was low when older seedlings were treated. Only the most severe treatments, especially combinations of injury, caused extreme mortality. Seedlings treated at 6 mo. after planting suffered greater reductions in height growth than did the older seedlings. Only the most severe combinations of injury permanently reduced height growth.

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