In vivo measurements of bone lead-a comparison of two X-ray fluorescence techniques used at three different bone sites
- 1 December 1989
- journal article
- research article
- Published by IOP Publishing in Physics in Medicine & Biology
- Vol. 34 (12) , 1833-1845
- https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/34/12/007
Abstract
In vivo bone lead measurements have been made on a group of about 120 people, most of whom were lead exposed workers. Two different X-ray fluorescence (XRF) techniques were used to make measurements at three bone sites. Finger lead was measured using 57Co sources, and lead measurements were made in both tibia and calcaneus with a technique based on 109Cd sources. The results of the bone lead measurements correlated strongly with each other and with the index of cumulative exposure, thus confirming the value and reliability of these in vivo measurements as a tool in the study of chronic lead exposure. Measurement precision, +or-1 standard deviation, was highest for tibia +or-7.4 mu g (g bone mineral)-1, +or-16.6 mu g (g bone mineral)-1 for the calcaneus and lowest for phalangeal lead +or-25.0 mu g (g bone mineral)-1. Maximum absorbed doses to the skin were comparable for all three measurements (1-3 mGy). The mean whole body dose equivalents were all low, but that for the finger measurement, 0.1 mu Sv, was significantly less than for the calcaneus and tibia measurements 3-5 mu Sv.This publication has 12 references indexed in Scilit:
- Lead in Bone. IV. Distribution of Lead in the Human SkeletonArchives of environmental health, 1988
- Lead in Vertebral Bone Biopsies from Active and Retired Lead WorkersArchives of environmental health, 1987
- The composition of body tissuesThe British Journal of Radiology, 1986
- Comparison of two in vitro methods of bone lead analysis and the implications for in vivo measurementsPhysics in Medicine & Biology, 1986
- Decrease of Skeletal Lead Levels in Man after End of Occupational ExposureArchives of environmental health, 1986
- Lead in finger‐bone analysed in vivo in active and retired lead workersAmerican Journal of Industrial Medicine, 1984
- The factors affecting in vivo x-ray fluorescence measurements of lead in boneNuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, 1982
- X-ray fluorescence analysis of lead in human skeleton in vivo.Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 1976