Individual differences in mood in early childhood: Their relation to gender and neonatal sex steroids

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Abstract
Predominant mood states were assessed for 104 children via 24-hr mother diaries during the first 2 years of life. Consistent sex differences were found across ages and across cohorts: boys were more often reported to be in a happy/excited mood, girls in a quiet/calm mood. The sexes did not differ in the frequency of negative moods (including crying), however. Scores for happy/excited and quiet/calm mood states were quite stable across the ages sampled: 6, 9, 12, 18, and 26 months. These stabilities were generally greater for boys. Negative moods showed only borderline stability. Relationships between the mood scores and five sex-steroid hormones (progesterone, androstenedione, testosterone, estrone, and estradiol), assayed from umbilical cord blood at the time of the children's birth, were assessed. For boys small, but significant, positive relationships were found between happy/excited moods and androstenedione, estrone, and progesterone. Correlations of opposite sign were found between these hormones and boys' scores for quiet/calm mood. For girls, the correlations were low and insignificant, but generally of opposite sign from those found for boys, and a number of hormones showed significant sex-b-hormone interactions in their relation to children's mood scores. The implication of these findings for the understanding of sex differences is discussed. Also discussed are the problems of interpretation posed by the intercorrelations among hormones when hormone scores are used for prediction of aspects of later development.