Strategies Employed by Frogs and Toads (Amphibia, Anura) to Avoid Predation by Snakes (Reptilia, Serpentes)

Abstract
Representatives of Rana clamitans, R. palustris, R. pipiens, Bufo americanus, B. terrestris, B. quercicus, Hyla cinerea, H. chrysoscelis, H. crucifer, H. femoralis, Acris gryllus, Limnaoedus ocularis, Gastrophryne carolinensis and Scaphiopus holbrooki were placed in an enclosure with a snake predator. Escape strategies, including crouching, chin tucking, body inflation, flight, backing, climbing, digging, holding, walking and remaining motionless were observed and evaluated in relation to anuran survival.