Estrogen-Induced Abnormal Accumulation of Fat Cells in the Rat Penis and Associated Loss of Fertility Depends upon Estrogen Exposure during Critical Period of Penile Development

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Abstract
We previously reported that diethylstilbestrol (DES) or estradiol valerate (EV) exposure at a dose of 0.10–0.12 mg/kg, or higher, per day, on alternate days, from postnatal days 2–12, resulted in abnormal penis development and infertility (H. O. Goyal et al., 2005, J. Androl. 26, 32–43). The objective of this study was to identify a critical developmental period(s) during which EV exposure results in the observed penile abnormalities. Male pups received EV at a dose of 0.10–0.12 mg/kg on postnatal day(s) 1, 1–3, 4–6, 1–6, 7–12, 13–18, 19–24, or 25–30. Fertility was tested at 102–115 days of age and tissues were examined at 117–137 days. Both penile morphology and fertility were unaltered in rats treated with EV after 12 days of age. Conversely, except in rats treated on postnatal day 1 only, none of the males treated prior to 12 days of age sired pups, and all had abnormal penises, including varying degrees of abnormal accumulation of fat cells and loss of cavernous spaces and smooth muscle cells in the corpora cavernosa penis, which were maximal in the 1–6-day group. Also, the preputial sheath was partially released or its release was delayed, and the weight of the bulbospongiosus muscle was significantly reduced. Plasma testosterone (T) in the 1–6- and 4–6-day groups and intratesticular T in the 4–6-day group were significantly lower. The testosterone surge, characteristic of controls in the first week of life, was suppressed in the 1–3-day group. Estrogen receptor alpha mRNA expression was enhanced in the body of the penis in the 1–3-day group, but not in the 13–18-day group. Hence, EV exposure prior to 12 days of age (as short as 1–3 days postnatal), but not after 12 days of age, results in long-term abnormal penile morphology, characterized by abnormal accumulation of fat cells in the corpora cavernosa penis and, consequently, loss of fertility.

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