Isolation of a novel paraquat-inducible (pqi) gene regulated by the soxRS locus in Escherichia coli

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Abstract
We have isolated promoters inducible by paraquat, a superoxide radical-generating agent, from Escherichia coli, using promoter-probing plasmid pJAC4 (Y.S. Koh and J.H. Roe, Korean J. Microbiol. 31:267-273, 1993). One promoter clone pqi-5 (pqi denotes paraquat-inducible gene) was mapped at 21.8 min on the E. coli chromosome by using the Kohara phage library. We constructed an operon fusion of the lacZ gene with the pqi-5 promoter to monitor the expression of the gene in the single-copy state. LacZ expression was induced about 7- to 13-fold by 77 to 780 microM paraquat. Other known superoxide generators such as menadione, phenazine methosulfate, and plumbagin also induced the expression of beta-galactosidase in this fusion strain. On the other hand, no significant induction was observed with treatment with hydrogen peroxide, ethanol, and heat shock. Induction of beta-galactosidase was significantly reduced by introducing a delta sox-8::cat or soxS3::Tn10 mutation into the fusion strain, indicating that pqi-5 is a member of the soxRS regulon. A DNA fragment containing the pqi-5 promoter was cloned and sequenced from the Kohara phage E2E5. We identified two pqi-5 open reading frames (ORFs); ORF-A encodes a predicted protein of 342 amino acids, and ORF-B is truncated at the cloning site. The transcription start site from the pqi-5 promoter was determined by primer extension and S1 nuclease protection analyses. Northern (RNA) and S1 analyses indicated that there are two kinds of pqi-5 transcript; one covers ORF-A only and the other covers ORF-A and possibly also ORF-B.