Cooperation between the Male and Female Goldcrest Regulus regulus When Rearing Overlapping Double Broods

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Abstract
The goldcrest R. regulus in Scandinavia frequently rears 2 broods which to some extent overlap in time. Both sexes take part in nest-building and in feeding the young, while incubation of the eggs and brooding the featherless young are entirely left to the female (who is not fed by the male). The male may start building the 2nd nest within the territory long before the 1st clutch has hatched. When the female starts to incubate the 2nd clutch, the male practically alone is responsible for feeding the young of the initial brood, first as nestlings and thereafter as fledglings, until they become independent. As soon as this brood has left the territory, the male then takes his full share in feeding the young in the 2nd nest. An elaborate division of labor between the mates throughout the breeding period was established.

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