4 × 4 free-space optical switching using real-time binary phase-only holograms generated by a liquid-crystal display

Abstract
Experimental 4 × 4 free-space optical switching is successfully demonstrated by real-time binary phase-only holograms. The real-time holograms are generated by a twisted nematic liquid-crystal display, which is a binary phase-only modulator. This holographic free-space switching is applicable to optical interconnections and photonic switching systems.