Impact on Costs and Energy Requirements of Adopting Alternate Middle Spray Techniques in Apple Orchards

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Abstract
One of the factors contributing to the substantial increases in crop yields experienced during the last fifty years was the development and use of synthetic chemical pesticides. In the past decade, however, increasing evidence has shown that use of these materials poses significant negative external effects on human health, wildlife, and the environment. Hall has stated the economic trade-off problem as follows: “The compromise of reducing both pesticide use and food production may be a better alternative than either cnacellation or continuing pesticide use at the present greater than the social optimum quantity. Even more attractive would be the alternative of reducing pesticide use while maintaining current levels of production (and) profit by growers.”

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