Effects of changes of pH on the contractile function of cardiac muscle

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Abstract
It has been known for over 100 years that acidosis decreases the contractility of cardiac muscle. However, the mechanisms underlying this decrease are complicated because acidosis affects every step in the excitation-contraction coupling pathway, including both the delivery of Ca2+ to the myofilaments and the response of the myofilaments to Ca2+. Acidosis has diverse effects on Ca2+ delivery. Actions that may diminish Ca2+ delivery include 1) inhibition of the Ca2+ current, 2) reduction of Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and 3) shortening of the action potential, when such shortening occurs. Conversely, Ca2+ delivery may be increased by the prolongation of the action potential that is sometimes observed and by the rise of diastolic Ca2+ that occurs during acidosis. This rise, which will increase the uptake and subsequent release of Ca2+ by the sarcoplasmic reticulum, may be due to 1) stimulation of Na+ entry via Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange; 2) direct inhibition of Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange; 3) mitochondrial release of Ca2+; and 4) displacement of Ca2+ from cytoplasmic buffer sites by H+. Acidosis inhibits myofibrillar responsiveness to Ca2+ by decreasing the sensitivity of the contractile proteins to Ca2+, probably by decreasing the binding of Ca2+ to troponin C, and by decreasing maximum force, possibly by a direct action on the cross bridges. Thus the final amount of force developed by heart muscle during acidosis is the complex sum of these changes.