Toxic Nectar Deters Nectar Thieves of Catalpa speciosa

Abstract
Field experiments show that potential nectar thieves drink less C. speciosa nectar than a sucrose solution of identical sugar concentration. The thieves also develop behavioral abnormalities such as erratic movements, loss of balance or loss of locomotion, after drinking C. speciosa nectar. C. speciosa apparently has a chemical mechanism to limit nectar thievery.

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