Analysis of the Virulence Characteristics of Bacteria Isolated from Bottled, Water Cooler, and Tap Water

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Abstract
A study was conducted to determine the numbers and types of bacteria found in three water sources—bottled water, water cooler water, and tap water—and to determine their virulence characteristics. A wide variety of water types were collected and each was analysed for Heterotrophic Plate Count (HPC) bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and total coliforms. For each isolate, virulence characteristics were determined by enzyme analysis (10 associated with virulence), antibiotic susceptibility testing (natural and semi-synthetic antibiotics), acid lability (survival at pH 3-5), and cytotoxicity testing (HEp-2 cells). Results showed that all water sources had a normal bacterial content. Only 2 per cent of bottled water sources had P. aeruginosa. Total coliforms were isolated only from bottled water that used mixed (water alternating with milk) filling lines. Environmental bacteria did not produce significant enzymes associated with virulence, were not acid resistant, were susceptible to semi-synthetic antibiotics, and did not produce appreciable cytotoxicity. These natural aqueous bacteria were adopted to a water environment, did not grow well at conditions analogous to the human host, and did not have the characteristics associated with virulence. Future drinking water revisions and changes to the treatment processes should be directed towards the elimination of specific pathogens and to the prevention of exogenous sources of contamination rather than the elimination of natural water microbial populations.