Piping elbows with cracks Part 1: A parametric study of the influence of crack size on limit loads due to pressure and opening bending

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Abstract
Finite element analyses of cracked short-radius piping elbows are reported. Both axial and circumferential cracks, centred about the bend crown or intrados respectively, are considered. The defects are internal, with depth-thickness ratios a/t in the range 0.25 ≤ a/t ≤ 1.0. Since the aim is to assess limit loads, the analysis assumes elastic-perfectly plastic material behaviour with no geometric non-linearities. The loadings considered are (a) opening bending moment, (b) internal pressure and (c) combined loading of steady pressure, set at the design value of the pipe elbow, with a superimposed monotonically increasing opening bending moment. For each type of loading, the general component behaviour, by consideration of the global deformation with increasing load, is reported. Limit load values for each case are presented and the relative reductions in load-carrying capacity, compared with that predicted for a defect free elbow of the same material and dimensions, are given.

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