Structure of spinach chloroplast F 1 -ATPase complexed with the phytopathogenic inhibitor tentoxin

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Abstract
Tentoxin, a natural cyclic tetrapeptide produced by phytopathogenic fungi from the Alternaria species affects the catalytic function of the chloroplast F 1 -ATPase in certain sensitive species of plants. In this study, we show that the uncompetitive inhibitor tentoxin binds to the αβ-interface of the chloroplast F 1 -ATPase in a cleft localized at βAsp-83. Most of the binding site is located on the noncatalytic α-subunit. The crystal structure of the tentoxin-inhibited CF 1 -complex suggests that the inhibitor is hydrogen bonded to Asp-83 in the catalytic β-subunit but forms hydrophobic contacts with residues Ile-63, Leu-65, Val-75, Tyr-237, Leu-238, and Met-274 in the adjacent α-subunit. Except for minor changes around the tentoxin-binding site, the structure of the chloroplast α 3 β 3 -core complex is the same as that determined with the native chloroplast ATPase. Tentoxin seems to act by inhibiting inter-subunit contacts at the αβ-interface and by blocking the interconversion of binding sites in the catalytic mechanism.