Substrate-oriented Distribution of Bristlecone Pine in the White Mountains of California

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Abstract
The bristlecone pine zone in the White Mountains of California occupies the elevational belt from approximately 9,500 to 11,500 ft. The climate in this region is dry and cold, with mean annual precipitation of 12 to 13 inches, and mean annual temperature of approximately 35 F. Three geologic substrates are widespread in the bristlecone pine zone: dolomite, quartzitic sandstone, and granite. Dolomitic soil is light colored and cool, with relatively higher available water, high pH, and a lower nutrient status in comparison with other soils. The distribution of bristelcone pine is complementary to that of sagebrush, the other major dominant in the subalpine zone Bristlecone pine is well developed on dolomite soils and is favored by north slopes. Sagebrush is best developed on sandstone and granitic soils, particularly on south slopes. The greater development of bristlecone pine on dolomitic soils appears related primarily to the better water relations of these soils, tolerance of bristlecone pine for low nutrient availability, and the lack of competitors. Sagebrush apparently is intolerant of the low nutrient status of dolomitic soils, and can persist on the more xeric substrates and slopes because of a greater drought tolerance than bristlecone pine. Experimental evidence is provided to substantiate these observations.

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