"The Historical Meaning of the Crisis in Psychology"

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Abstract
My title is that of a manuscript the leading Soviet psychologist Lev Semenovich Vygotsky (1896-1934) wrote in 1926. At that time, the whole world was talking about the "crisis" in the science of psychology, which had split into competing currents with little understanding of one another: behaviorism, psychoanalysis, Gestalt psychology, the Wurzburg school, and others. The problem lay not just in the fact that there was no unifying paradigm, as we would say today, but in the inordinate claims of each to have discovered some universal principle explaining all the phenomena of the mind.

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