Redox Regulation of Cdc25B by Cell-Active Quinolinediones

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Abstract
Intracellular reduction and oxidation pathways regulate protein functionality through both reversible and irreversible mechanisms. The Cdc25 phosphatases, which control cell cycle progression, are potential subjects of oxidative regulation. Many of the more potent Cdc25 phosphatase inhibitors reported to date are quinones, which are capable of redox cycling. Therefore, we used the previously characterized quinolinedione Cdc25 inhibitor DA3003-1 [NSC 663284 or 6-chloro-7-(2-morpholin-4-yl-ethylamino)-quinoline-5,8-dione] and a newly synthesized congener JUN1111 [7-(2-morpholin-4-yl-ethylamino)-quinoline-5,8-dione] to test the hypothesis that quinone inhibitors of Cdc25 regulate phosphatase activity through redox mechanisms. Like DA3003-1, JUN1111 selectively inhibited Cdc25 phosphatases in vitro in an irreversible, time-dependent manner and arrested cells in the G1 and G2/M phases of the cell cycle. It is noteworthy that both DA3003-1 and JUN1111 directly inhibited Cdc25B activity in cells. Depletion of glutathione increased cellular sensitivity to DA3003-1 and JUN1111, and in vitro Cdc25B inhibition by these compounds was sensitive to pH, catalase, and reductants (dithiothreitol and glutathione), consistent with oxidative inactivation. In addition, both DA3003-1 and JUN1111 rapidly generated intracellular reactive oxygen species. Analysis of Cdc25B by mass spectrometry revealed sulfonic acid formation on the catalytic cysteine of Cdc25B after in vitro treatment with DA3003-1. These results indicate that irreversible oxidation of the catalytic cysteine of Cdc25B is indeed a mechanism by which these quinolinediones inactivate this protein phosphatase.