Correlation between Histological and Behavioral Measures of Visual Acuity in a Zooplanktivorous Fish, the White Crappie (Pomoxis annularis)

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Abstract
Estimates of visual acuity in a pelagic freshwater zooplanktivorous fish, the white crappie (Pomoxis annularis, Centrarchidae), were made using a behavioral measure, the maximum observed prey pursuit distance (MxPD), and a histological measure, the density of cone cells in the retina. The greatest number of pursuits occurs in the 0–30° wedge of the visual field; 87% of all pursuits occur in the first 40°. The longest pursuits (200 mm) also occur in this area and generally get shorter from 0 to 180° (from forward-directed) in the visual field. Consistent with the behavioral results, the largest number of cone photoreceptors (13,000/mm2) is found in the far temporal retina along the eye's horizontal meridian. Cone cell densities in the corresponding region of the nasal retina are approximately half this value. The number of cones decreases dorsally and ventrally from the horizontal meridian. Although the absolute values of visual acuity calculated from cone cell topography (i.e. MxPDs of 500 mm) are 2–3 times greater than those observed behaviorally (i.e. MxPDs of 200 mm), the trends in visual acuity across the visual field obtained from both measures are consistent. We suggest that overestimates of visual acuity obtained from cone cell counts alone result from this measure's not accounting for, among other properties of the nervous system, cone cell convergence onto ganglion cells and higher brain centers. Behavioral measures of visual acuity are, therefore, likely to yield a more accurate estimate of an animal's visual abilities.