DNA cytometry and cytology by quantitative fluorescence image analysis in symptomatic bladder cancer patients

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Abstract
A semi‐automated quantitative fluorescence image analysis (QFIA) technique was developed with the Leitz TAS‐Plus to detect bladder cancer using hyperploidy in urinary cells. Absolute nuclear fluorescence intensity (ANFI) (emission at 540 nm with excitation at 436 nm) of individual acridine‐orange‐stained cells was quantitated using (1) QFIA and (2) simple filter microspectrofluorophotometry (SFM). Both methods employed an internal phosphor particle standard which, when once calibrated against the DNA content of normal cells, obviates the necessity of routinely calibrating against normal cells in each sample. Results of SFM and QFIA were compared with routine Papanicolaou (Pap) cytopathology, using histopathology as the diagnostic standard in 272 samples from 67 symptomatic patients. The sensitivities for detecting low‐grade transitional‐cell carcinoma were 86% for SFM, 76% for QFIA, and 33% for Pap cytology. QFIA and SFM were significantly more sensitive at detecting bladder cancer than was Pap (0.0 > p > 0.001). Comparison of sensitivity obtained with blalder washings and urine samples showed that non‐invasively obtained urines can be used. ANFI also detected recurrent and precancerous bladder lesions and kidney, ureter, and prostate lesions. This approach may prove generally useful in quantifying biochemical and immunological probes and should be broadly applicable as a research tool for studying the relationship of biochemical markers in the pathogenesis of disease and as a test for cancer control.