Studies on Echinostomatidae (Trematoda) in Malaya VIII. The Life History of Echinostoma audyi sp. n.

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Abstract
The complete life cycle of Echinostoma audyi, a new species with 37 collar spines, has been completed experimentally. There are at least three redial generations. Lymnaea rubiginosa (Michelin) serves as the first intermediate host. The same and other freshwater snails such as Gyraulus convexiusculus (Hutton), Indoplanorbis exustus (Deshayes), Pila scutata (Mousson), and Bellamya ingallsiana (Lea) serve as second intermediate hosts. Adult worms are obtained under experimental conditions from ducklings; pigeons; little cuckoo doves, Macropygia ruficeps (Timminck); black-headed or chestnut munias, Lonchura ferruginosa (Sparrman); spotted munias, Lonchura punctulata (Linnaeus); and Java sparrows, Padda oryzivora (Linnaeus); but not from rats, mice, and hamsters. Eggs are passed 8 days after infection. The adult worm resembles Echinostoma revolutum (Froelich, 1802), Looss, 1899; E. paraulum Dietz, 1909; and E. lindoense Sandground and Bonne, 1940; but the cercaria shows marked morphological differences. This study shows that the taxonomic position of closely related echinostomes cannot always be established satisfactorily unless cercarial characteristics are also known.

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