Effects of Flooding and Drainage and their Alternation on the Growth and Uptake of Nutrients by Rice (Oryza sativa L., indica, var. IR-8)

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Abstract
Continuous flooding of the soil (‘flooded’ treatment) gave best growth of IR-8 variety of rice whereas soil drained for 4 weeks and then flooded for 8 (‘drained and flooded’ treatment) resulted in poorest growth and chlorotic plants. Plants grown in the continuously drained soil (‘drained’ treatment) and those in the soil flooded for 4 weeks and then drained for 8 (‘flooded and drained’ treatment) showed intermediate growth. There were no differences in the relative water content of plants growing in the various treatments. Analyses of plant tissues showed that a consideration of the relative concentration of Fe, Mn, and P in the shoots is most closely related to the performance of rice under various cultural conditions. An increase in the concentration of Fe in the plant tissues following flooding was correlated with the best growth (‘flooded’ treatment) unless it was accompanied by high level of Mn (as in the ‘drained and flooded’ treatment) which may have proved toxic, e.g. by interference with Fe metabolism as was evidenced by chlorosis. Measurements of oxidation-reduction potentials, oxygen diffusion rates, and the concentration of exchangeable and soluble Fe and Mn in the soils have shown that the ‘drained and flooded’ treatment caused the most extreme reducing conditions. Flooding accompanied by the development of extreme reducing conditions led to a greater accumulation of Mn in the shoots (‘drained and flooded’ treatment) whereas flooding accompanied by the maintenance of oxidizing conditions (‘flooded’ treatment) resulted in a lower uptake of Mn. Growth of rice plants for 4 weeks in the drained soil did not fit them for the reduced conditions which developed during subsequent flooding (‘drained and flooded’ treatment).

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