Experimental and Field Evidence for Inter- and Intraspecific Competition in Two Freshwater Fishes

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Abstract
Direct evidence for intraspecific and interspecific competition in fishes were obtained by manipulating populations of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) and pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus) stocked into littoral zone enclosures. Stocking densities were above, below and equal to measured littoral zone fish biomass. There were no significant differences in mean percent weight change at given densities among repeated experiments (each of 14 day duration). In experiments testing for intraspecific competition, all fishes reared at low density gained weight, all fish reared at high density lost weight, and mean weight change at natural density did not differ from 0.0. In experiments testing for interspecific competition, growth of pumpkinseed did not differ from growth to pumpkinseed reared alone at equivalent densities, whereas growth of yellow perch was depressed relative to growth of yellow perch reared alone at equivalent densities. These growth changes did not result from behavioral interactions. Inter and intraspecific competition for food is significant at natural fish densities and pumpkinseed are superior to perch when competing for food. A marked reduction in yellow perch growth in Lake Memphremagog between 1972 and 1983, coincident with a major increase in pumpkinseed abundance, is consistent with these findings.