NMR Even Echo Rephasing in Slow Laminar Flow

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Abstract
In NMR imaging, flowing fluids [blood] possess several unusual properties not found in stationary materials. One of these is the strong signal emitted during slow flow by unsaturated protons just entering the imaging volume. Another is the observation that even echoes of a multiple spin-echo train have higher intensity than the odd. The 2 phenomena have not previously been distinguished in the NMR imaging literature and the term paradoxical enhancement has been applied to both. The conditions under which such a phenomenon occurs are considered, general mathematical ralationships are derived and clinical examples, in which an understanding of spin-echo rephasing is especially useful, are shown.

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