CATALYST PRODUCT SEPARATION TECHNIQUES IN HECK REACTION

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Abstract
The Heck reaction finds several applications in industry because it is one of the effective tools for the formation of a new C─C bond. In addition to the catalytic activity and selectivity, catalyst–product separation strategies are very important for the industrial application. There are various methods of interest ranging from conventional heterogeneous catalysts to heterogenization of homogeneous catalysts. The heterogeneous catalysts are classified into supported metal catalysts, zeolite-encapsulated catalysts, colloids–nanoparticles, and intercalated metal compounds. The homogeneous metal complexes catalysts are heterogenized using modified silica catalysts, polymer-supported catalysts, biphasic catalysts, supported liquid-phase catalysts, nonionic liquids solvents, perfluorinated solvents, and reusable homogeneous complexes. In general, heterogeneous catalysts are effective and stable at higher temperatures, which may be important for the activation of less reactive but less expensive chloroaryls su...