Avian scale development. VII. Normal keratinization follows abnormal morphogenesis of reticulate scales from the “scaleless” mutant

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Abstract
The scutate scales are entirely missing in chick embryos homozygous for the gene, “scaleless.” Reticulate scales of this mutant are present; however, they have undergone abnormal morphogenesis into irregular mounds and crevices. The pattern of keratinization seen along the anterior metatarsus of normal embryos differs dramatically from that seen along the anterior metatarsus of scaleless embryos. In contrast, we find that the unique pattern of keratinization seen in the epidermal cells of normal reticulate scales is retained in mutant reticulate scales, even though these scales are morphologically abnormal. We believe that differences in the initial tissue interactions (which establish the inductive ability of the dermis) of these two types of scales are responsible for the differences seen in their responses to the scaleless gene. The pleiotropic nature of the scaleless gene is discussed.