Automated Simultaneous Determination of Water Hardness, Specific Conductance and pH

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Abstract
An automated method of determining water hardness, specific conductance and pH in natural water samples is described. The method uses simultaneous measurements of the divalent cation activity, conductivity and pH of the sample. The automated apparatus, which is programmable, consists of a sample changer, electrode assembly, activity and conductivity meters, minicomputer and control module. The apparatus produces direct print-out of water hardness, specific conductance and pH and the optimum sampling rate is 20 samples per hour. A comparison of this method with standard methods is given. Known addition, known dilution technique is used to eliminate the interference of carbonate ion due to the complexation of calcium.