Studies on the Formation of Glutathionylcobalamin: Any Free Intracellular Aquacobalamin Is Likely to Be Rapidly and Irreversibly Converted to Glutathionylcobalamin

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Abstract
A decade ago Jacobsen and co-workers reported the first evidence for the presence of glutathionylcobalamin (GSCbl) in mammalian cells and suggested that it could in fact be a precursor to the formation of the two coenzyme forms of vitamin B12, adenosylcobalamin and methylcobalamin (Pezacka et al. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.1990, 169, 443). It has also recently been proposed by McCaddon and co-workers that GSCbl may be useful for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (McCaddon et al. Neurology2002, 58, 1395). Aquacobalamin is one of the major forms of vitamin B12 isolated from mammalian cells, and high concentrations of glutathione (1−10 mM) are also found in cells. We have now determined observed equilibrium constants, Kobs(GSCbl), for the formation of GSCbl from aquacobalamin and glutathione in the pH range 4.50−6.00. Kobs(GSCbl) increases with increasing pH, and this increase is attributed to increasing amounts of the thiolate forms (RS-) of glutathione. An estimate for the equilibrium constant for the formation of GSCbl from aquacobalamin and the thiolate forms of glutathione of ∼5 × 109 M-1 is obtained from the data. Hence, under biological conditions the formation of GSCbl from aquacobalamin and glutathione is essentially irreversible. The rate of the reaction between aquacobalamin/hydroxycobalamin and glutathione for 4.50 < pH < 11.0 has also been studied and the observed rate constant for the reaction was found to decrease with increasing pH. The data were fitted to a mechanism in which each of the 3 macroscopic forms of glutathione present in this pH region react with aquacobalamin, giving k1 = 18.5 M-1 s-1, k2 = 28 ± 10 M-1 s-1, and k3 = 163 ± 8 M-1 s-1. The temperature dependence of the observed rate constant at pH 7.40 (∼k1) was also studied, and activation parameters were obtained typical of a dissociative process (ΔH⧧ = 81.0 ± 0.5 kJ mol-1 and ΔS⧧ = 48 ± 2 J K-1 mol-1). Formation of GSCbl from aquacobalamin is rapid; for example, at ∼5 mM concentrations of glutathione and at 37 °C, the half-life for formation of GSCbl from aquacobalamin and glutathione is 2.8 s. On the basis of our equilibrium and rate-constant data we conclude that, upon entering cells, any free (protein-unbound) aquacobalamin could be rapidly and irreversibly converted to GSCbl. GSCbl may indeed play an important role in vitamin B12-dependent processes.