The use of liquid jets to simulate angled drop impact

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Abstract
The liquid jet impact technique has been used extensively for the quantitative study of rain impact. Most of this work has been for normal impact. Although some angled impact studies have been pursued using jets, these have been purely of a qualitative nature. This paper develops the theory of angled drop impact. This allows the establishment of a method of correlating between angled drop and jet impact and obtaining ‘‘equivalent drop’’ curves for jet impact. The correlation is also applied to normal impact. For normal impact it is shown that the previously published equivalent drop curves need to be modified especially at low velocities. The results for both normal and angled impact are discussed with reference to the details of the jet profile, and it is shown that angled jets may be considered as having an average equivalent drop size. The theory of angled impact also explains the shape of damage marks produced by impact and why the amount of damage decreases so rapidly with increasing angle.

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