Electrostatic interactions in the association of proteins: An analysis of the thrombin–hirudin complex

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Abstract
The role of electrostatic interactions in stabilization of the thrombin–hirudin complex has been investigated by means of two macroscopic approaches: the modified Tanford–Kirkwood model and the finite‐difference method for numerical solution of the Poisson–Boltzmann equations. The electrostatic potentials around the thrombin and hirudin molecules were asymmetric and complementary, and it is suggested that these fields influence the initial orientation in the process of the complex formation. The change of the electrostatic binding energy due to mutation of acidic residues in hirudin has been calculated and compared with experimentally determined changes in binding energy. In general, the change in electrostatic binding energy for a particular mutation calculated by the modified Tanford–Kirkwood approach agreed well with the experimentally observed change. The finite‐difference approach tended to overestimate changes in binding energy when the mutated residues were involved in short‐range electrostatic interactions. Decreases in binding energy caused by mutations of amino acids that do not make any direct ionic interactions (e.g., Glu 61 and Glu 62 of hirudin) can be explained in terms of the interaction of these charges with the positive electrostatic potential of thrombin. Differences between the calculated and observed changes in binding energy are discussed in terms of the crystal structure of the thrombin–hirudin complex.