Simultaneous reflex inhibition of lower esophageal sphincter and crural diaphragm in cats

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Abstract
We have previously suggested that both the lower esophageal sphincter and diaphragm contribute to the high-pressure zone (HPZ) at the gastroesophageal junction. The purpose of this study in anesthetized cats was to compare changes in diaphragmatic electrical activity with changes in the intraluminal pressure profile in the HPZ following either balloon distension of the esophagus or swallowing evoked by pharyngeal stimulation. Intraluminal pressure was continuously recorded by a perfused manometric asembly anchored to the gastric fundus through an abdominal surgical approach. Integrated EMG was simultaneously measured in the costal and crural parts of the diaphragm. Our results indicate that 1) simultaneous relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and crural diaphragm follwed both swallowing and balloon distension of the esophagus: 2) during swallowing both inhibitory reflexes depend on the initiation of esophageal peristalsis; 3) crural relaxation abolishes respiratory-induced pressure oscillations in the HPZ during LES relaxation; 4) ventilation is maintained during relaxation of the HPZ in part by continued contraction of the costal diaphragm; and 5) different neural pathways control LES relaxation and crural relaxation. The data support the view that the crural diaphragm augments the intrinsic smooth muscle sphincter mechanism at the gastroesophageal junction and that crural relaxation may be an important factor in mouth-to-gastric transit.