Edema Development and Ion Changes in Rat Spinal Cord After Impact Trauma: Injury Dose–Response Studies

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Abstract
Changes in the total tissue content of water, sodium, potassium, and magnesium were measured in spinal cord from pentobarbital-anesthetized rats subjected to impact trauma (T9) of varying severity (low, 25 g-cm; moderate, 50 g-cm; severe, 100 g-cm). Laminectomized animals served as controls. Spinal cord samples were taken from rats in the high injury group at 15 min, 60 min, 4 hr, 24 hr, 3 days, or 7 days posttrauma. Samples from the low and moderate injury groups were taken at 24 hr postinjury. In all groups, spinal cord tissue was rapidly removed (< 30 sec), frozen in liquid N2, and dissected into the injured segment and adjacent two caudal and rostral segments. Severe injury caused significant increases in tissue water content; changes were present at 15 min, peaked at 24 hr, and continued at 3–7 days. Sodium levels were increased at 4 hr and remained elevated for up to 7 days. Potassium levels were decreased at 60 min, remained at low levels for up to 3 days, and partially recovered at 7 days. Tissue magnesium levels were significantly decreased only at 4 hr and 24 hr. Changes in water content and total sodium at 24 hr were not correlated with injury severity. Although potassium decreases did correlate with injury severity, alterations in magnesium levels had a much higher degree of correlation. Thus, reductions in magnesium content may contribute to the development of irreversible tissue damage. In contrast, edema formation after spinal cord trauma may be an epiphenomenon, since it was found to an equal degree in low, moderate, and severe injuries.