Kwashiorkor: The Hypothesis That Incriminates Aflatoxins

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Abstract
It is acknowledged widely that protein energy malnutrition (PEM) is the dominant type of malnutrition worldwide and is the major associated cause of death in early childhood in all the disadvantaged countries of the world.1 The term PEM embraces all disorders, including marasmus and kwashiorkor, attributable to lack of protein and calories; it was introduced to dispel the earlier exclusive emphasis on lack of protein in the etiology of childhood malnutrition and to give appropriate recognition to energy deficiency in nutritional disorders. Regrettably since its introduction, the term PEM has been applied to every grade and type of malnutrition, frequently without further qualification, and this has done little to advance our understanding of kwashiorkor and probably has blurred its epidemiology and pathogenesis.
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