Prolonged, continuous, deep diving by northern elephant seals

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Abstract
An earlier study showed that female northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) dive deeply and continuously during the first 1–3 weeks at sea following lactation. We report that this dive pattern is maintained for the entire 2½-month period at sea. Time–depth recorders were attached to six adult females at Año Nuevo, California; three instruments recorded continuously and three instruments recorded every 3rd day at sea. The mean dive rate was 2.5–3.3 dives per hour, with a mean of < 3.5 min on the surface between dives. This resulted in females spending 83–90% of the time at sea underwater. Interruption of continuous diving, characterized by extended surface intervals with a mean of 51.9 ± 65.5 min, was rare, following only 0.42% of the dives. Modal dive duration per female was in the range 17.1–22.5 min. The longest dive was 62 min and was followed by a surface interval of < 2.6 min. Modal dive depth per female was in the range 500–700 m; three females had dives that exceeded 1000 m, with the deepest dive estimated at 1250 m. Deep diving to 500 m or more was always preceded by a descending-staircase pattern of initially shallow to increasingly deeper dives. The continuous, deep diving pattern of this pelagic seal is evidently a steady-state condition. This has important implications for understanding diving adaptations and the physiological processes underlying them.

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