Germination‐Initiation and Inhibitory Activities of L‐ and D‐Alanine Analogues for Bacillus subtilis Spores

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Abstract
The ability of 33 compounds of L‐alanine analogues over a wide range of concentrations to initiate germination of Bacillus subtilis spores was determined, and the inhibitory activity against L‐alanine‐initiated germination was determined for the above compounds and 22 of their D‐, DL‐isomers. Nineteen L‐isomers were able to initiate the germination. The maximum germination rate and the apparent binding affinity of the germinant were obtained from concentration‐germination response curves. Not only D‐isomers but also L‐isomers of many alanine analogues showed inhibitory action on L‐alanine‐initiated germination. The apparent binding affinity of an inhibitor was calculated by Schild's method. D‐Alanine, D‐serine, glycine, D‐2‐amino‐n‐butyric acid, D‐cysteine, D‐norvaline, and D‐threonine were competitive inhibitors for the L‐alanine action. Analysis of the relation between the structure of the side chain of L‐, D‐alanine analogues and their apparent affinity suggested that there are separate binding portions, which differ in size and electrostatic nature, for germination and for inhibition on the receptor. Certain L‐alanine analogues had a dualistic property of initiating germination at low concentrations and inhibitory activity at higher concentrations, i.e., autoinhibition. The autoinhibitory phenomenon might be explained by the above postulation of the presence of separate binding portions for germination and for inhibition.