Path integrals with a periodic constraint: Entangled strings

Abstract
Path integrals with a periodic constraint ∫θ̇ ds =Θ̄+2πn (n =integer) are studied. In particular, the path integral for a string entangled around a singular point in two dimensions is evaluated in polar coordinates. Applications are made for the entangled polymers with and without interactions, the Aharonov–Bohm effect, and the angular momentum projection of a spinning top.

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