Computer simulations of early land plant branching morphologies: canalization of patterns during evolution?

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Abstract
Using computer simulations and a quantitative method for describing bifurcating structures, the morphology of branching patterns seen in early land plants is analyzed. Four types or models of random branching (regular, geometric, binomial, and poisson) are shown to adequately describe the range of observed branching in most early land plants. Approximately 57% of all randomly generated computer patterns show reiterative branching events (=three successive identical modes of branching). Artificial canalization of reiterative events results in branching patterns structurally analogous with that of ancient fossil plants. Simulated phylogenetic changes among early land plant lineages, based on parsimonious transitions in branching patterns, indicate that most observed trends can be related directly to those seen in randomly generating branching patterns in which “size” is increased. The trimerophyte to progymnosperm trend in changing branching patterns is an exception, since the binomial model describing the progymnosperms has not been simulated by random processes.While the apparent phylogenetic changes among early land plant groups do not require deterministic explanations, the transition from regular to geometric branching and the “canalization” of reiterative branching patterns may represent a grade level response to selective pressures related to mechanical design and vegetative reproduction.