Somatic embryogenesis and development of synthetic seed technology

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Abstract
One promise of plant biotechnology is the ability to clonally produce large numbers of identical individuals at minimal expense. Somatic embryogenesis is theoretically the production system of choice due to its high efficiency. Somatic embryos resemble zygotic embryos in seed, which suggests that they may be processed to function as synthetic seed with regard to efficient storage and handling qualities. However, somatic embryos tend to develop asynchronously and do not reach a mature quiescent resting stage typical of seed. Additionally, somatic embryos develop naked without surrounding nutrient tissues and protective seed coats. This paper reviews research aimed at causing somatic embryos to functionally mimic seed and introduces basic concepts of seed physiology which will be of use to cell culturalists working in synthetic seed technology.