Upregulation of B1 receptor mediating des‐Arg9‐BK‐induced rat paw oedema by systemic treatment with bacterial endotoxin

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Abstract
1. The effect of pretreatment with bacterial endotoxin (LPS, 10 micrograms, i.v., 24 h) on the bradykinin B1 and B2 receptor-induced oedema in the rat paw, and the interaction of B1-mediated responses with other inflammatory mediators, was investigated. 2. Intraplantar (i.pl.) injection of the selective B1 agonist, des-Arg9-BK (DABK, 100 nmol) in naive animals pretreated with the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, captopril caused a small increase in paw volume (0.04 +/- 0.003 ml, mean +/- s.e. mean, n = 6), while the B2-selective agonist, tyrosine8-bradykinin (T-BK, 3 nmol) induced marked oedema (0.36 +/- 0.02 ml). However, i.pl. injection of DABK (3-300 nmol) in rats pretreated with LPS (24 h beforehand) resulted in a marked dose- and time-related increase in paw volume, with mean ED50 of 24.1 nmol. In contrast, oedema caused by T-BK (3 nmol) was reduced by 79 +/- 4% in animals treated with LPS when compared with naive animals. 3. Oedema caused by prostaglandin E2 (PGE2, 10 nmol) was unaffected by LPS treatment, while oedema induced by histamine (100 nmol), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, 10 nmol) and substance P (SP, 3 nmol) was reduced (P < 0.05). 4. The selective B1 antagonist, des-Arg9[Leu8]-BK (100-300 nmol), produced dose-dependent inhibition of DABK (100 nmol)-induced paw oedema in LPS-treated animals with mean IC50 of 134 nmol, while the selective B2 antagonists, Hoe 140 and NPC 17731 (each 10 nmol), had no effect. 5. Treatment of animals with dexamethasone (0.5 mg kg-1, s.c.) 24 or 48 h prior to LPS injection resulted in a graded inhibition of DABK (100 nmol)-induced oedema formation (58 +/- 3 and 82 +/- 2%, respectively), and almost reversed to control value oedema formation induced by T-BK (3 nmol) in LPS-pretreated rats. Cycloheximide (1 mg kg-1, s.c.) or indomethacin (2 mg kg-1, i.p.) pretreatment 24 and 1 h prior to LPS injection, respectively, markedly inhibited DABK (100 nmol)-induced paw oedema (98 +/- 2 and 50 +/- 4%, respectively). 6. Intraplantar injection of submaximal dose of DABK (10 nmol) in LPS-treated rats produced modest paw oedema (0.09 +/- 0.03 ml). However, i.pl. injections of PGE2, prostacyclin (PGI2), calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP), SP, 5-HT, or platelet activating factor (PAF) (each 1 nmol), which alone caused little or no paw oedema, resulted in a potentiation of the DABK-induced oedema. The increases in paw volume (in ml) were: PGE2 + DABK (0.31 +/- 0.03), PGI2 + DABK (0.39 +/- 0.02), CGRP+DABK (0.35 +/- 0.04), DABK+SP (0.33 +/- 0.04), DABK + 5-HT (0.40 +/- 0.02) and DABK+PAF (0.38 +/- 0.016) ml. In contrast, histamine (1 nmol) was ineffective in potentiating the response to DABK. 7. The selective B1 receptor antagonist, DALBK (100-300 nmol), produced dose-dependent inhibition of paw oedema potentiation induced by co-injection of DABK and other mediators with mean ID50S (nmol) of: 180, 160, 139 and 135 in the presence of PGE2, PGI2, SP and 5-HT, respectively. 8. These results demonstrate that DABK-induced increase in paw volume in LPS-treated rats is probably mediated by induction of B1 receptors, associated with downregulation of B2 receptors. The induction of B1 receptors by LPS is sensitive to dexamethasone and cycloheximide treatment and requires activation of cyclo-oxygenase pathway. In addition, B1 receptors, when upregulated following LPS treatment, can interact in a synergistic manner with several inflammatory mediators such as PGI2, PGE2, CGRP, PAF and 5-HT. Such results indicate that induction of the B1 receptor might have a significant pathophysiological role in modulating chronic inflammatory diseases.