Nuclear flow excitation function

We consider the dependence of collective flow on the nuclear surface thickness in a Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck transport model of heavy ion collisions. Well-defined surfaces are introduced by giving test particles a Gaussian density profile of constant width. Zeros of the flow excitation function are as much influenced by the surface thickness as the nuclear equation of state, and the dependence of this effect is understood in terms of a simple potential scattering model. Realistic calculations must also take into account medium effects for the nucleon-nucleon cross section, and impact parameter averaging. We find that balance energy scales with the mass number as ${\mathit{A}}^{\mathrm{-}\mathit{y}}$, where y has a numerical value between 0.35 and 0.5, depending on the assumptions about the in-medium nucleon-nucleon cross section.