Evaluation of Esophageal Electrodes for Recording His-Purkinje Activity Based Upon Signal Variance

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Abstract
Signal averaging the ECG to observe low level signals generated by His-Purkinje system (HPS) has many disadvantages and has not been widely used. This is partly due to the inability to distinguish between atrial and HPS potentials within the PR segment. To more clearly observe the onset of the HPS activity, several leads with an esophageal electrode were studied and compared to a bipolar surface lead. Signal variance was calculated to estimate the noise levels present in all lead systems. The bipolar surface lead consistently provided reproducible HPS waveforms with accurate estimates of noise levels. The leads with an esophageal electrode (bipolar or esophago-thoracic) failed to show reproducible HPS waveforms and had higher noise levels than the bipolar surface lead as measured by signal variance. The cause of these problems is the motion of the electrode within the esophagus, as visualized fluoroscopically. While the novel lead systems were not adequate for recording HPS waveforms, the analytic methods for evaluating signal averaged recordings from various lead systems provided a basis for optimizing this approach for quantifying low level cardiac signals.