Distance measurements in spin-labeled lysozyme

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Abstract
The single His-15 of hen egg lysozyme reacts with 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-(bromoacetamido)piperidinyl-1-oxy or 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-3-(bromoacetamido)pyrrolidinyl-1-oxy to give a spin-labeled enzyme. High-field 1H NMR spectra (300 and 500 MHz) of these species in 2H2O contain protein peaks selectively broadened by dipolar coupling to the unpaired electron spin. While usually difficult to discern in the spectrum itself, broadened resonances are revealed in difference spectra obtained by subtracting the original spectrum from one taken after reduction of the nitroxide radical with ascorbate. The heights of difference spectra peaks are related in a simple way to r-6, where r is the label to proton distance. These distances were used to solve for the location of the electron spin by using algorithms from distance geometry. The spin was found to lie in a hydrophobic groove between Phe-3 and Asp-87. These results demonstrate the feasibility of spin-labeling for accurate distance measurements in proteins through the use of distance geometry.