Abstract
The optical modulation technique is used for direct determination of energy levels and the effective correlation energy Ueff of dangling-bond defects. With an accuracy of 0.1 eV we found for the dangling-bond defect in a-Si: H, Ueff=0.5 eV; in a-As2 S3, Ueff=1.0 eV; in As2 Se3, Ueff=0.7 eV; and in trans-(CH)x, Ueff=0.95 eV.